SELECT 
  category_id, 
  ab__lc_catalog_image_control 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  category_id in (
    '267', '271', '285', '286', '290', '294', 
    '302', '311', '315', '326', '334', 
    '342', '346', '350', '355', '361'
  )

Query time 0.00106

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "11.21"
    },
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_categories",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": [
        "PRIMARY",
        "p_category_id"
      ],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "used_key_parts": [
        "category_id"
      ],
      "key_length": "3",
      "rows_examined_per_scan": 16,
      "rows_produced_per_join": 16,
      "filtered": "100.00",
      "index_condition": "(`zdrowy_db`.`cscart_categories`.`category_id` in ('267','271','285','286','290','294','302','311','315','326','334','342','346','350','355','361'))",
      "cost_info": {
        "read_cost": "9.61",
        "eval_cost": "1.60",
        "prefix_cost": "11.21",
        "data_read_per_join": "102K"
      },
      "used_columns": [
        "category_id",
        "ab__lc_catalog_image_control"
      ]
    }
  }
}