SELECT 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_product_prices.price * cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id IN (
    2871, 2668, 2277, 2366, 402, 2481, 406, 
    2692, 401, 2135, 2890, 2872
  ) 
  AND cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.00083

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "8.41"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "table": {
        "table_name": "cscart_product_prices",
        "access_type": "range",
        "possible_keys": [
          "usergroup",
          "product_id",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "key": "product_id",
        "used_key_parts": [
          "product_id"
        ],
        "key_length": "3",
        "rows_examined_per_scan": 12,
        "rows_produced_per_join": 2,
        "filtered": "19.88",
        "index_condition": "(`zdrowy_db`.`cscart_product_prices`.`product_id` in (2871,2668,2277,2366,402,2481,406,2692,401,2135,2890,2872))",
        "cost_info": {
          "read_cost": "8.17",
          "eval_cost": "0.24",
          "prefix_cost": "8.41",
          "data_read_per_join": "57"
        },
        "used_columns": [
          "product_id",
          "price",
          "percentage_discount",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "attached_condition": "((`zdrowy_db`.`cscart_product_prices`.`lower_limit` = 1) and (`zdrowy_db`.`cscart_product_prices`.`usergroup_id` in (0,1)))"
      }
    }
  }
}